13.3 Exercise 8

How will an increase in temperature affect each of the following equilibria? How will a decrease in the volume of the reaction vessel affect each?

(a) $2 \text{NH}_{3} \left(g\right) \rightleftharpoons \text{N}_{2} \left(g\right) + 3 \text{H}_{2} \left(g\right) \Delta H = 92 \text{kJ}$

(b) $\text{N}_{2} \left(g\right) + \text{O}_{2} \left(g\right) \rightleftharpoons 2 \text{NO} \left(g\right) \Delta H = 181 \text{kJ}$

(c) $2 \text{O}_{3} \left(g\right) \rightleftharpoons 3 \text{O}_{2} \left(g\right) \Delta H = −285 \text{kJ}$

(d) $\text{CaO} \left(s\right) + \text{CO}_{2} \left(g\right) \rightleftharpoons \text{CaCO}_{3} \left(s\right) \Delta H = −176 \text{kJ}$