21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability

Write the following isotopes in hyphenated form (e.g., “carbon-14”)

(a) $_{11}^{24} \text{Na}$

(b) $_{13}^{29} \text{Al}$

(c) $_{36}^{73} \text{Kr}$

(d) $_{ 77}^{194} \text{Ir}$

For the following isotopes that have missing information, fill in the missing information to complete the notation

(a) $_{14}^{34} \text{X}$

(b) $_{ \text{X}}^{36} \text{P}$

(c) $_{ \text{X}}^{57} \text{Mn}$

(d) $_{ 56}^{121} \text{X}$

Write the nuclide notation, including charge if applicable, for atoms with the following characteristics:

(a) 25 protons, 20 neutrons, 24 electrons

(b) 45 protons, 24 neutrons, 43 electrons

(c) 53 protons, 89 neutrons, 54 electrons

(d) 97 protons, 146 neutrons, 97 electrons

What are the two principal differences between nuclear reactions and ordinary chemical changes?

Which of the following nuclei lie within the band of stability shown in the figure?

(a) chlorine-37

(b) calcium-40

(c) ²⁰⁴Bi

(d) ⁵⁶Fe

(e) ²⁰⁶Pb

(f) ²¹¹Pb

(g) ²²²Rn

(h) carbon-14