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Back to Identity

Exercise A

Avg difficulty 3.0

Consider the sentence,

  1. Every officer except Pavel owes money to Hikaru.

Symbolize this sentence, using ‘F(x)F(x)’ for ‘‾x\underline{\hskip 15.00002pt}_{x} is an officer’. Are you confident that your symbolization is true if, and only if, an exercise given elsewhere in the bookexcept2 is true? What happens if every officer owes money to Hikaru, Pavel does not, but Pavel isn’t an officer?

Magnus et al., forall x: Calgary, First-order logic, Identity, Exercise A

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Adapted from forall x: Calgary © 2025 P. D. Magnus, Tim Button, Robert Trueman, and Richard Zach. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Source: forall x: Calgary. Imported at revision ec34df8.