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Magnus, Button, Trueman & Zach

forall x: Calgary

An introduction to formal logic: symbolizing English in truth-functional and first-order logic, truth tables, interpretations, identity and definite descriptions, with excursions into modal logic and metatheory. Practice problems come with the book's own model answers.

forall x: Calgary

72 exercises23 sections
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Sections
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Key notions of logic

5
The scope of logic2
Other logical notions3

Truth-functional logic

12
Connectives8
Sentences of TFL3
Ambiguity1

Truth tables

23
Complete truth tables4
Semantic concepts10
Truth table shortcuts1
Partial truth tables8

Natural deduction for TFL

1
Proof-theoretic concepts1

First-order logic

16
Sentences with one quantifier4
Multiple generality4
Identity2
Sentences of FOL1
Definite descriptions4
Ambiguity1

Interpretations

10
Truth in FOL3
Semantic concepts2
Using interpretations3
Properties of relations2

Modal logic

3
Semantics for ML3

Metatheory

2
Normal forms1
Proving equivalences1

Adapted from forall x: Calgary © 2025 P. D. Magnus, Tim Button, Robert Trueman, and Richard Zach. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Source: forall x: Calgary. Imported at revision ec34df8.