8.3 Multiple Bonds

The bond energy of a C–C single bond averages 347 kJ mol⁻¹; that of a $\text{C} \equiv \text{C}$ triple bond averages 839 kJ mol⁻¹. Explain why the triple bond is not three times as strong as a single bond.

Identify the hybridization of the central atom in each of the following molecules and ions that contain multiple bonds:

(a) ClNO (N is the central atom)

(b) CS₂

(c) Cl₂CO (C is the central atom)

(d) Cl₂SO (S is the central atom)

(e) SO₂F₂ (S is the central atom)

(f) XeO₂F₂ (Xe is the central atom)

(g) $\text{ClOF}_{2} ^{+}$ (Cl is the central atom)

For each of the following molecules, indicate the hybridization requested and whether or not the electrons will be delocalized:

(a) ozone (O₃) central O hybridization

(b) carbon dioxide (CO₂) central C hybridization

(c) nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) central N hybridization

(d) phosphate ion $\left(\text{PO}_{4} ^{3−}\right)$ central P hybridization